In dye laser, organic dyes are used as an active medium. Organic dyes are colored substances having the ability to impart colors to liquids, gases, and solid. Examples of organic dye molecules are rhodamine 6G (Xanthene dye), Coumarin, oxazines, anthracenes, etc. Although organic dye molecules are very large, only the small part of the molecule … Read more
In a molecular gas laser, laser action is achieved by transitions between vibrational and rotational levels of molecules. Its construction is simple and the output of this laser is continuous. In the Co2 molecular gas laser, the transition takes place between the vibrational states of Carbon dioxide molecules. Carbon Dioxide Laser: Definition, Principle Definition In carbon … Read more
Excimer Laser An excimer laser is the type of molecular laser – Isolated atoms and ions in ionic laser have discrete energy levels. However, molecules have energy bands. These bands have electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels. Each electronic energy level has a large number of vibrational energy levels and each vibrational level has a … Read more
In nitrogen laser, active or gain or lasing medium is nitrogen molecules in the gaseous phase. It is a three-level laser. Population inversion in nitrogen laser is achieved by an electrical pumping source. Normally, pumping is provided by direct electron impact. Construction and Working of Nitrogen Laser The Active Medium ( or Nitrogen laser gain … Read more
Q switching in laser is a technique of reducing giant Plus ( i.e short duration high energy plus). It is achieved by pumping the gain or active medium in the absence of the mirrors of the cavity or resonator ( i.e the feedback mechanism ) and then the mirrors of the cavity are switched on … Read more
Before discussing Argon ion laser we have to know about ion laser because Argon ion laser is one of the types of ION LASER. An ion laser is a gas laser in which ionized gas is used as the active or lasing medium. The electrical pumping method is used to achieve the population inversion in … Read more
He-Ne laser, also known as Helium-Neon laser, is a type of gas laser that emits red light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. This laser was invented in 1961 by Ali Javan, William R. Bennett Jr., and Donald Herriott at Bell Telephone Laboratories. He-Ne laser is a gas laser that emits red light having wavelength … Read more
Radiation dosimetry Radiation dosimetry is a process of measurement of absorbed doses of ionizing radiation. The instrument which is used for this purpose is called dosimeters. Measurement of Doses An international commission of radiological protection (ICRP) and the International Commission on radiation units and Measurement (ICRU) have published recommendations and data to evaluate and calculate … Read more
Hydro energy definition Hydro energy definition is – The kinetic energy process by flowing water can be converted into electricity. The power is then used for direct mechanical purposes or more frequently, for generating electricity. Hydropower is the most established and widely used in a formal resource for electricity generation. Hydropower now accounts for about … Read more
Optical Fiber communication system and Application of optical fiber communication system A technology used for transmitting information (data, speech, music, etc.) from one place to another place that uses light as the carrier of information through Optical Fiber is called Optical Fiber communication. The simple block diagram of the Optical Fiber communication system is shown … Read more