Gauss Divergence Theorem According to the Gauss Divergence Theorem, the surface integral of a vector field A over a closed surface is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of a vector field A over the volume (V) enclosed by the closed surface. Proof of Gauss Divergence Theorem Consider a surface S which encloses … Read more
A semiconductor detector in ionizing radiation detection is a device that uses a semiconductor (usually silicon or germanium) to measure the effect of incident-charged particles or photons. Semiconductor Detector A semiconductor detector is a silicon or Germanium diode of the p-n type operated in the reverse bias mode. As the applied voltage is in the same direction as the diffusion … Read more
The earth is constantly generating naturally occurring heat. This heat is known as geothermal heat and can be used to produce electricity. Electricity produced from geothermal energy is environmentally friendly and renewable. How is Geothermal Energy Generated The slow decay of radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium produces heat deep within the earth’s … Read more
Co2 Laser beam is an intense, monochromatic, concentrated, and coherent beam of light. Co2 laser has a wavelength of output is 0.6μm and 10.6μm and the power output of Co2 laser is about 10kW. It can be focused on a very small area. And hence the laser generates very high intensity in the area of … Read more
A scintillation counter is a type of radiation detector that uses a scintillator material to detect and measure ionizing radiation. The scintillation counter principle of working involves the interaction of the radiation with the scintillator material, which results in the production of light photons. These photons are then detected by a photomultiplier tube, which converts … Read more
Linear accelerators overcome the problem of maximum potential difference that can be held by the charged shell by the repeated acceleration of Ions through small potential difference. In this article, we are covering Linear Accelerator Construction and Working. What is a Linear Accelerator Linear accelerator is a device that accelerates particles in a straight line … Read more
GM counter working and construction What is GM counter A Geiger Muller (GM) counter is used to detect the direction and measurement of all types of radiation like α, β, and γ radiation. GM counter Construction A Geiger Muller counter consists of a fine wire (usually made of tungsten) mounted along the axis of a … Read more
What is Thomson Effect When a current flows through an unequal heated conductor, heat is evolved or absorbed along the length of the conductor, depending on the direction of flow of current. This effect is called the Thomson effect. This effect is reversible. Consider a thick copper bar AB whose is both ends are maintained … Read more
Peltier Effect Definition When current flows across the junctions of a Thermocouple, heat is generated (evolved) or absorbed i.e the junction gets either heated or cooled. This effect is called the Peltier effect. The condition of whether the junction shall be heated or cooled is determined by the direction of the current. Thus Peltier effect … Read more
Seebeck effect definition In 1826, Seebeck discovered that an electric current could be produced by thermal means. He found that if a circuit is made of two different metals in series ( say Copper and iron), then on heating one of the junctions, while the other is kept cold, a current is produced in the … Read more